Multi-Engine
Critical Engine & P-Factor
On a twin with both propellers turning clockwise, losing the left engine is worse than losing the right. Slow down to raise the angle of attack and watch the thrust lines shift — the arms stop matching.
Top-down · airflow from top
Thrust-line shift is exaggerated for clarity.
Side · descending blade — bigger bite
Right engine rotationCounter-rotating: descending blade on the left → no critical engine
Rudder needed for each failure
Lose left engine
(right engine working)
(right engine working)
Lose right engine
(left engine working)
(left engine working)